IKS(indian knowledge service)

• Name of collage:- Maharani shree nandkuvarba arts & commerce College 

• Name:- Gohil Shreyaba dasharathsinh

• Year:- FY.BA (Sem-1)

• Subject:-English 

• Paper name : (indian knowledge                                       service )                                       

• Date :- 26/8/2025

• Professor name:- Rachna Ma'am.                                                     

           Home assignment :-

Explanation of Rasa sutra :- 

Introduction:-

1.What is rasa?

Ans:- Relished - like the taste of food is rasa 

- Rasa is the soul of any litrature 

" रसयते अनेन इति रस" 

It established by 'Bharat Muni who is the author of "Natya Shastra "

This is the photo of Bharat muni with natya Shastra....

If no Rasa in litrature then it becomes soulless

( नहि रसद्विते कश्चिदअर्थ प्रवर्तते 

- nahi rasdrite kashidarth pravartate

- No meaning can be rendered in absence of rasa 

Meaning of Rasa :--

The word of Rasa is composed of two letters - 'Ra & Sa 

'Ra' means to "together "

'Sa' means to "motion"

Rasa means :----

'to flow ','pleasure ' ,'delight', 'intrest ','charm','beauty ', elegance '.

Definition of Rasa:-

- The famous defination of Rasa in the Aphoristic form is given "XI" chapter of ' Natyashastra' called 'rasasutra '

Rasa is produced by - 1.vibhava

                                         2.Anubhava

                                         Vyabhicaribhav

In detail explanation of Rasa sutra:- 

"विभाव , अनुभाव , व्यभिचारीभाव , समयोगद,

What is vibhava ? 

Ans :-  vibhava means causes /circumstances 

-} Two types of vibhava are:- 

 

1) Alambana 

2) Uddipan 

Alambana :- 

Alambana vibhava means a person or person with reference to whom the emotion is manifested .

Uddipan :- 

Uddipan vibhava means circumstances that have excited the emotions.

* What is anubhava ?

-} it means bodily expressions by which the emotions is expressed.

*Sthayibhava :- according to the bharat muni (8)

-} रतिहासश्व शोकश्व क्रोधात्साहोभयं तथा जुगूप्सा |

    विस्मयश्वती स्थायीभावा: प्रकीर्तता||

* Sthayibhava:- 

1. Rati               evokes           Srangar 
2. Hasa             evokes            Hasya 
3. Soka             evokes            karuna 
4. Krodha        evokes            roudra
5. Utsaha         evokes            Vir 
6. Bhaya           evokes           bhayankara 
7.  Jugupsa.      evokes.           bibhatsa
8. vismaya.        evokes.          adbhuta 
9.  sama.             evokes           santa (Added by                                                   abhinav gupta)                                                                                                               

  * Vyabhicaribhav/sancaribhav:- (33)

-} Vyabhicaribhav means a series of diverse emotions that feed the dominant emotions.

1.Nirveda - sorrounce 

2.Sanka - doubt 

3 .alasya -laziness 

4.Harsh - pleasure 

5.Asuya- envy 

 

Sattvik bhav :- (8) 

1.sweda 

2.stambha

3.kamp

4.Asru

5.vaivarnya 

6.romanch 

7.svarbheda

8.praloya 

* Rasa realisation/ rasa nishpatti :--

According to Bharat muni - 

it is from a combination of bhava in the worth that Rasa arise .

Bhava can be roughly transleted as psychological states in a man's and they are broadly in three kinds.

 1. Sthayibhava 

2. Vyabhicaribhav 

3.Sattvikbhvava 

* Sthayibhava means stable of permanent states which are dominant through out a work 

EX. Angry , sad , terrifying,etc.

*Sattvik bhava are similar to Vyabhicaribhava 

EX. A tiger in a forest can we the cause of fear in a lonely traveller.

Essay :- 

:Oral traditions:- 

• Oral traditions are ways of passing knowledge, beliefs, stories, customs, and history from one generation to another through spoken word rather than written texts. They are deeply connected with culture and identity, especially in societies where writing was not common or accessible.

Here are the main points about oral traditions:

1. Definition:- 

Oral traditions include folktales, myths, legends, proverbs, songs, chants, riddles, prayers, and historical accounts that are spoken, sung, or performed.

They preserve a community’s values, moral lessons, and cultural memory.

2. Importance

Cultural identity: Keeps traditions alive and strengthens community bonds.

Education: Passed down morals, history, and practical knowledge before formal education existed.

Entertainment: Stories, songs, and performances also served as enjoyment.

History: Preserved the history of people who had no written records.

3. Characteristics

Memory-based: Relies on the storyteller’s memory.

Dynamic: Stories may change slightly with each telling.

Community-based: Usually performed in gatherings, festivals, or rituals.

Interactive: Audience often participates through responses, singing, or repeating refrains.

4. Examples

India: Epics like the Ramayana and Mahabharata were originally oral before being written down.

Africa: Griots (oral historians) keep the history of tribes alive through storytelling and music.

Native Americans: Myths and legends about creation, animals, and nature.

Pacific Islands: Chants and songs about voyages and genealogies.

5. Modern Relevance

Even today, oral traditions survive in:

Folk songs, lullabies, and proverbs.